Physiological predictors of ruminative thinking as an adaptive norm
Keywords:
ruminative thinking, adaptive norm, heart rate variability, default mode network, EEG theta rhythm, physiological inhibition
Abstract
Ruminative thinking has long been studied within the context of the pathogenesis of depression and anxiety disorders. Modern scholars identify adaptive components within its structure (reflexive immersion, concrete experiential mode), enabling them to analyze rumination as a phenomenon of psychological and physiological normality. Aims. This paper provides a theoretical analysis and synthesis of physiological predictors of ruminative thinking as an adaptive norm. Materials and methods. The theoretical analysis involved 79 publications from peer-reviewed journals indexed in the PubMed and Science Direct databases over the period 1991–2026. The following keywords were used as selection criteria: “rumination”, “ruminative thinking”, “adaptive rumination”, “default mode network”, “heart rate variability”, “EEG theta”, “cortisol”, and their combinations. Results. The following levels of physiological predictors were identified and described: neuroanatomical, autonomic, neurohumoral, and neurodynamic. Physiological inhibitory systems responsible for recovery following a ruminative episode were also described. The key difference between adaptive norms and pathology was recognized to be the presence of negative feedback that limits the duration of a ruminative episode, rather than the absence of stress system activation. Conclusions. Normative ruminative thinking is a time-limited process with a specific onset, limited duration, and physiologically mediated inhibition. The proposed theoretical model provides a foundation for subsequent psychophysiological research using a personalized approach to data interpretation
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References
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40. Gong Z.Q., Zuo X.N. Cortical activations in cognitive task performance at multiple frequency bands. Cerebral cortex. 2024;34(12):bhae489. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae489
41. Porges S.W. The polyvagal perspective. Biological Psychology. 2007;74(2):116–143. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009
42. Aghajani M., Efthemiou A., Manasian E. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity in children: implications for emotion regulation and dyadic approaches. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2025;134(1):46–49. DOI: 10.1152/jn.00193.2025
43. Roddick C.M., Seo Y.S., Barkovich S.L. et al. Cardiac vagal recovery following acute psychological stress in human adults: A scoping review. Neuroscience and BioBehavioral Reviews. 2025;176:106268. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106268
44. Davis E.L., Brady S.M., Pankratz K. et al. The affective, cognitive, and physiological effects of implementing antecedent-focused emotion regulation strategies in childhood. Infant and Child Development. 2024;33(6):e2509. DOI: 10.1002/icd.2509
45. Plate A.J., Dunn E.J., Christensen K. et al. When are Worry and Rumination Negatively Associated with Resting Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia? It Depends: The Moderating Role of Cog-nitive Reappraisal. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2020;44:874–884. DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10099-z
46. Ottaviani C., Shapiro D., Davydov D.M. et al. The autonomic phenotype of rumination. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2009;72(3):267–275. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.12.014
47. Ottaviani C., Shapiro D. Do we need a stressor to be stressed? Insights from cardiac regulation. Japanese Psychological Research. 2011;53:155–162. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5884.2011.00462.x
2. Just N., Alloy L.B. The response styles theory of depression: tests and an extension of the theory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1997;106(2):221–229. DOI: 10.1037//0021-843x.106.2.221
3. Treynor W., Gonzalez R., Nolen-Hoeksema S. Rumination Reconsidered: A Psychometric Analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2003;27:247–259. DOI: 10.1023/A:1023910315561
4. Joormann J., Dkane M., Gotlib I.H. Adaptive and maladaptive components of rumination? Diagnostic specificity and relation to depressive biases. Behavior Therapy. 2006;37(3):269–280. DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2006.01.002
5. Watkins E.R. Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin. 2008;134(2):163–206. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163
6. Watkins E.R. Rumination. Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An In-terdisciplinary, Searchable, and Linkable Resource. 2015. DOI: 10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0294
7. Habermas T., Delarue I., Eiswirth P. et al. Differences Between Subclinical Ruminators and Reflectors in Narrating Autobiographical Memories: Innovative Moments and Autobiographical Reasoning. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021;12:624644. DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.624644
8. Sizikova T.E. Meta-model of reflection within the framework of meta-ontology. Sibirskii psikhologicheskii zhurnal = Siberian Journal of Psy-chology. 2018;68:6–31. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17223/17267080/68/1
9. Dorosheva E.A. Adaptation of the Russian version of the Rumination Response Scale. Konsultativnaya psikhologiya i psikhoterapiya = Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy. 2025;33(2):50–71. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17759/cpp.2025330203
10. Tanner A., Voon D., Hasking P. et al. Underlying Structure of Ruminative Thinking: Factor Analysis of the Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2013;37:633–646. DOI: 10.1007/s10608-012-9492-1
11. Feoktistova A.A., Drozdov D.S., Lebedeva A.A. et al. Psychometric Evaluation of the Russian Version of the Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire (RTSQ). Voprosy psikhologii. 2025;71(1):97–108. (in Russ.)
12. Siegle G.J., Steinhauer S.R., Thase M.E. et al. Cant shake that feeling: event-related fMRI assessment of sustained amygdala activity in response to emotional information in depressed individuals. Biological Psychiatry. 2002;51(9):693–707. DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01314-8
13. Stone L.B., Lewis G.M., Bylsma L.M. The autonomic correlates of dysphoric rumination and post-rumination savoring. Physiology and Behavior. 2020;224:113027. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113027
14. De Raedt R., Remue J., Loeys T. et al. The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex on implicit self-esteem is mediated by rumination after criticism. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2017;99:138–146. DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2017.10.009
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16. Pizzagalli D.A. Frontocingulate dysfunction in depression: toward biomarkers of treatment response. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36(1):183–206. DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.166
17. Jacobs R.H., Jenkins L.M., Gabriel L.B. et al. Increased coupling of intrinsic networks in remitted depressed youth predicts rumination and cognitive control. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e104366. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104366
18. Peterson E.C., Smolker H.R., Moser A.D., Kaiser R.H. Review of Dynamic Resting-State Methods in Neuroimaging: Applications to Depression and Rumination. Human Brain Mapping. 2025;46(15):e70377. DOI: 10.1002/hbm.70377
19. Tang W., Jbabdi S., Zhu Z. et al. A connectional hub in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex links areas of emotion and cognitive control. Elife. 2019;8:e43761. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.43761
20. Аntonovich B.A., Mayorova L.A., Tsukarz E.E., Mosolov S.N. Resting State Networks in De-pression and Perspectives for Personalized Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Sovremennaya ter-apiya psikhicheskikh rasstroistv = Current Therapy of Mental Disorders. 2019;3:2–11. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.21265/PSYPH.2019.49.35967
21. Dixon M.L. Cognitive control, emotional value, and the lateral prefrontal cortex. Frontiers in Psychology. 2015;6:758. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00758
22. Gu Y., Wang Y.X., Xia W.J., Wang J. Emotion-cognition dysregulation in major depression: Multidimensional biases, neural circuit imbalance, and translational opportunities. World Journal of Psychiatry. 2026;16(3):114153 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v16.i3.114153
23. Vanderhasselt M.A., Sanchez A., Josephy H. et al. Anodal tDCS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates cognitive processing of emotional information as a function of trait rumination in healthy volunteers. Biological Psychology. 2017;123:111–118. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.12.006
24. Kühn S., Vanderhasselt M.A., De Raedt R., Gallinat J. The neural basis of unwanted thoughts during resting state. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2014;9(9):1320–1324. DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst117
25. Ding Y., Postle B.R., van Ede F. Neural Signatures of Competition between Voluntary and Involuntary Influences over the Focus of Attention in Visual Working Memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2024;36(5):815–827. DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02123
26. Korobeinikova I.I., Karatygin N.A., Birukova E.V., Venerina Ya.A. Spatial characteristics of EEG theta rhythm and attention switching time in conditions of exogenous noise. Rossiiskii fiziologicheskii zhurnal im. I.M. Sechenova = Russian Journal of Physiology. 2018;104(10):1215–1226. (in Russ). DOI: 10.7868/S0869813918100088
27. Karatygin N.A., Korobeinikova I.I., Karatygina N.V., Venerina Ya.A. Modern vision of relationship between theta rhythm and the processes of attention. Biomeditsinskaya radioelektronika = Biomedicine Radioengineering. 2021;24(1):60–67. (in Russ). DOI: 10.18127/j15604136-202101-09.
28. Wang J., Liu Q., Tian F. et al. Disrupted Spatiotemporal Complexity of Resting-State Electroencephalogram Dynamics Is Associated With Adaptive and Maladaptive Rumination in Major Depressive Disorder. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2022;16:829755. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.829755
29. Zhang J., Hua Y., Xiu L. et al. Resting state frontal alpha asymmetry predicts emotion regulation difficulties in impulse control. Personality and Individual Differences. 2020;159:109870. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.109870
30. Goodman R.N., Rietschel J.C., Lo L.C. et al. Stress, emotion regulation and cognitive performance: the predictive contributions of trait and state relative frontal EEG alpha asymmetry. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2013;87(2):115–123. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.09.008
31. Li Z., Pulopulos M., Allaert J. et al. Vagally-mediated HRV as a marker of trait rumination in healthy individuals? A large cross-sectional analysis. Psychophysiology. 2024;61(2):e14448. DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14448
32. Min J., Koenig J., Nashiro K. et al. Resting heart rate variability is associated with neural adaptation when repeatedly exposed to emotional stimuli. Neuropsychologia. 2024;196:108819. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108819
33. Stange J.P., Li J., Xu E.P. et al. Autonomic complexity dynamically indexes affect regulation in everyday life. Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science. 2023;132(7):847-866. DOI: 10.1037/abn0000849
34. Stalder T., Oster H., Abelson J.L. et al. The Cortisol Awakening Response: Regulation and Functional Significance. Endocrine Reviews. 2025;46(1):43–59. DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae024
35. Zoccola P.M., Dickerson S.S., Yim I.S. Trait and state perseverative cognition and the cortisol awakening response. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011;36(4):592–595. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.10.004
36. Bruehl H., Wolf O.T., Convit A. A blunted cortisol awakening response and hippocampal atrophy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34(6):815–821. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.12.010
37. Kumari M., Head J., Bartley M. et al. Maternal separation in childhood and diurnal cortisol patterns in mid-life: findings from the Whitehall II study. Psychological Medicine. 2013;43(3):633–643. DOI: 10.1017/S0033291712001353
38. Zhu J., Liu M., Lu Z. et al. Mechanisms of rumination in depression: neuroendocrine dysregulation, circadian disruption, and therapeutic interventions. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2026;193:493–503. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.12.027
39. Katura T., Tanaka N., Obata A. et al. Quantitative evaluation of interrelations between spontaneous low-frequency oscillations in cerebral hemodynamics and systemic cardiovascular dynamics. NeuroImage. 2006;31(4):1592–1600. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.010
40. Gong Z.Q., Zuo X.N. Cortical activations in cognitive task performance at multiple frequency bands. Cerebral cortex. 2024;34(12):bhae489. DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae489
41. Porges S.W. The polyvagal perspective. Biological Psychology. 2007;74(2):116–143. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009
42. Aghajani M., Efthemiou A., Manasian E. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity in children: implications for emotion regulation and dyadic approaches. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2025;134(1):46–49. DOI: 10.1152/jn.00193.2025
43. Roddick C.M., Seo Y.S., Barkovich S.L. et al. Cardiac vagal recovery following acute psychological stress in human adults: A scoping review. Neuroscience and BioBehavioral Reviews. 2025;176:106268. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106268
44. Davis E.L., Brady S.M., Pankratz K. et al. The affective, cognitive, and physiological effects of implementing antecedent-focused emotion regulation strategies in childhood. Infant and Child Development. 2024;33(6):e2509. DOI: 10.1002/icd.2509
45. Plate A.J., Dunn E.J., Christensen K. et al. When are Worry and Rumination Negatively Associated with Resting Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia? It Depends: The Moderating Role of Cog-nitive Reappraisal. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2020;44:874–884. DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10099-z
46. Ottaviani C., Shapiro D., Davydov D.M. et al. The autonomic phenotype of rumination. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2009;72(3):267–275. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.12.014
47. Ottaviani C., Shapiro D. Do we need a stressor to be stressed? Insights from cardiac regulation. Japanese Psychological Research. 2011;53:155–162. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-5884.2011.00462.x
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Published
2026-06-30
How to Cite
Baiguzhina, O., Chinarev, V., Pavlova, A., & Baiguzhin, P. (2026). Physiological predictors of ruminative thinking as an adaptive norm. Psychology. Psychophysiology, 19(2), 91-102. https://doi.org/10.14529/jpps260209
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Human Physiology
Copyright (c) 2026 Psychology. Psychophysiology
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