Correlation of psychomotor development and baseline EEG rhythmic com-ponents in children aged 2–4 years with speech delay
Keywords:
speech delay, electroencephalogram, psychomotor development, bioelectrical activity
Abstract
Introduction. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the relationships between cerebral bioelectrical patterns and psychomotor development in preschool children aged 2–4 years with speech delay. The study investigates the features of cortical rhythm formation and their role in the structure of psychomotor deficiency typical of this population. Materials and methods. The study involved 37 children (30 boys; 7 girls; mean age 3.42 ± 0.70 years) with speech delay from the IVA neurocorrection center (Krasnodar, Russia). The study methods included an analysis of rhythmic components using baseline EEG and a comprehensive assessment of psychomotor development using the Gnom diagnostic tool. The statistical analysis employed descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk test for normality, and the Spearman rank correlation. Results. The study demonstrated statistically significant relationships between the rhythmic components of baseline EEG and psychomotor development in preschool children aged 2–4 years with speech delay. These findings provide a better understanding of neurophysiological mechanisms underlying speech disorders and may become a basis for the development of effective correction methods. Conclusions. This study emphasizes the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to the psychological and pedagogical correction of speech delay in children aged 2–4 years
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References
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22. Hofstee M, Huijding J, Cuevas K, Deković M. Self-regulation and frontal EEG alpha ac-tivity during infancy and early childhood: A multilevel meta-analysis. Developmental Science. 2022;25(6):e13298. DOI: 10.1111/desc.13298
23. Novikova S.I. EEG rhythms and cognitive processes. Psikhologicheskaya nauka i obrazovanie psyedu.ru = Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology. 2015;4(1):91–108. Available at: http://psyjournals.ru/en/jmfp/2015/n1/76188.shtml (accessed: 24.02.2026). (in Russ.).
24. Davydova E.Y., Salimova K.R., Davydov D.V. et al. Understanding Speech in Primary Schoolchildren with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Its Relationship with EEG Characteristics. Human Physiology. 2023;49:225–234. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119723700354
25. Zhulina E.V., Solovyeva N.N. Prognostic Value of Neuropsychological Analysis of the Structure of Deviant Mental Development with Speech Delay. Problemy sovremennogo pedagogicheskogo obrazovaniya = Problems of modern pedagogical education. 2016;52(7):163–169. (in Russ.).
26. Koshchavtsev A.G., Grechanyi S.V. Interpretation of electroencephalography in infants. Epilepsiya i paroksizmalnye sostoyaniya = Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions. 2020;12(1):9–25. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17749/2077-8333.2020.12.1.9-25
27. Franken MK, Liu BC, Ostry DJ. Towards a somatosensory theory of speech perception. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2022;128(6):1683–1695. DOI: 10.1152/jn.00381.2022.
28. Salo V.C., Debnath R., Rowe M.L., Fox N.A. Experience with pointing gestures facilitates infant vocabulary growth through enhancement of sensorimotor brain activity. Developmental Psychology. 2023;59(4):676. DOI: 10.1037/dev0001493
29. Polikanova I.S., Mikheev I.N., Leonov S.V., Martynova O.V. Age-related features of alpha rhythm dynamics: a brief review. Klinicheskaya i spetsialnaya psikhologiya = Clinical Psychology and Special Education. 2024;13(4):29–50. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17759/cpse.2024130402
30. Hofstee M., Huijding J., Cuevas K., Deković M. Self-regulation and frontal EEG alpha activity during infancy and early childhood: A multilevel meta-analysis. Developmental Science. 2022;25(6):e13298. DOI: 10.1111/desc.13298.
31. Chizh D.I., Petrova E.V., Muzhikov V.S., Obedkina E.N. Peculiarities of EEG diagnostics in children with autism spectrum disorders. Ulyanovskiy mediko-biologicheskiy zhurnal = Ulyanovsk Medico-biological Journal. 2021;2:69–82. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.34014/2227-1848-2021-2-69-82
32. Mikhailova A.A., Orekhova L.S., Dyagileva Y.O. et al. EEG Theta Rhythm Reactivity in Early Childhood with Different Level of Helping Behavior. Uchenye zapiski Krymskogo federalnogo universiteta imeni V.I. Vernadskogo. Biologiya. Khimiya = Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Biology. Chemistry. 2020;6(3):117–126. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.37279/2413-1725-2020-6-3-117-126
33. Machinskaya R.I. Functional Maturation of the Brain and Formation of the Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Selective Voluntary Attention in Young Schoolchildren. Fiziologiya cheloveka = Human Physiology. 2006;32(1):26–36. (in Russ.).
Kaida A.I., Mikhailova A.A., Eismont E.V. et al. EEG Features in Children with Delayed Speech Development. Uchenye zapiski Krymskogo federalnogo universiteta imeni V.I. Vernadskogo. Biologiya. Khimiya = Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Biology. Chemistry. 2019;5(3):12–21. (in Russ.).
35. Nemkova S.A., Boldyrev V.G. Psychospeech Delays in Children: Modern Approaches to Diagnosis and Correction. Nervnye bolezni = Nervous diseases. 2025;2:23–32. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.24412/2226-0757-2025-13277
36. Oliveira D.S., Saltuklaroglu T., Thornton D. et al. Mu rhythm dynamics suggest automatic activation of motor and premotor brain regions during speech processing. Journal of Neurolinguistics. 2021;60:101006. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2021.101006
37. Vizel T.G. The Role of Functional Integrations in the Acquisition and Disintegration of Speech Skills. Izvestiya Rossiiskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. A.I. Gertsena = Izvestia: Herzen University Journal of Humanities and Sciences. 2025;218:194–204. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.33910/1992-6464-2025-218-194-204
38. Shamansurov Sh.Sh., Ziyamukhamedova N.M., Uzakova Ch.A., Khalimbetov G.S. Electroencephalographic studies in infants with psychomotor and speech retardation. Rossiiskii vestnik perinatologii i pediatrii = Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics. 2011;4:88–89. (in Russ.).
2. Ivanov M.V., Kozlovskaya G.V. Early childhood: psychological habilitation and prevention of mental development disturbances. Voprosy psikhicheskogo zdorovya detei i podrostkov = Mental Health of Children and Adolescent. 2022;22(4):111–118. (in Russ.).
3. Morkovina A.D., Shevchenko A.O., Stroganova V.V., Vartanov A.V. Analysis of psycho-physiological mechanisms and approaches to the correction of pronunciation. Natsionalnyi psikhologicheskii zhurnal = National Psychological Journal. 2023;17(1):77–87. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.11621/npj.2023.0107
4. Mikshina E.P., Valkova I.A., Zigle L.A. Early Assistance Service – Experience of Providing Early Assistance in the Preschool Education System. Den defektologii = Day of Defectology. 2025;2(7):63–70. (in Russ.).
5. Chutko L.S., Surushkina S.Y., Yakovenko E.A. et al. Behavioral disorders in children with specific language impairment. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova = S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2021;121(5):57–61. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112105157.
6. Grigorenko N.Yu. Typology of Deviations in Social Communication of Young Children with Various Variants of Developmental Delay. Pedagogicheskoe obrazovanie v Rossii = Pedagogical Education in Russia. 2021;3:188–194. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.26170/2079-8717_2021_03_22
7. Ismailov A.M., Zuev A.A. Organization and current understanding of speech function of the brain: literature review. Neirokhirurgiya = Russian journal of neurosurgery. 2022;24(3):80-89. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17650/1683-3295-2022-24-3-80-89
8. Nacharova M. A., Nacharov D. V., Pavlenko V. B. EEG Features in Children with Sensory Alalia. Uchenye zapiski Krymskogo federalnogo universiteta imeni V.I. Vernadskogo. Biologiya. Khimiya = Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Biology. Chemistry. 2022;8(4):154–165. (in Russ.).
9. Fox N.A., Bell M.A. Electrophysiological indices of frontal lobe development. Relations to cognitive and affective behavior in human infants over the first year of life. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990;608:677–698. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb48914.x.
10. Dolinina A.Y., Suleymanova E.M., Kornilov M.V. et al. Nonlinear properties of the brain theta rhythm. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Prikladnaya nelineinaya dinamika = Izvestiya VUZ. Applied Nonlinear Dynamics. 2025;33(6):873–897. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.18500/0869-6632-003188
11. Mkrtychian N.A., Kostromina S.N., Gnedykh D.S. et al. Psychological and electrophysiological correlates of word learning success. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art. 2021;14(2):171–192. DOI: 10.11621/pir.2021.0211
12. Choi D., Yeung H.H., Werker J.F. Sensorimotor foundations of speech perception in infancy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2023;27(8):773–784. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.05.007
13. Igisheva L.N., Nechaeva I.A., Rumyanceva A.A., Shot Y.S. Genesis of Clinical Linguistics: Cognitive-Communication Disorders and Their Research Directions. Vestnik Kemerovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Gumanitarnye i obshchestvennye nauki = Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences. 2022;6(4):277–284. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.21603/2542-1840-2022-6-4-277-284
14. Franken M.K., Liu B.C., Ostry D.J. Towards a somatosensory theory of speech perception. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2022;128(6):1683–1695. DOI: 10.1152/jn.00381.2022
15. Ohashi H., Ostry D.J. Neural development of speech sensorimotor learning. Journal of Neuroscience. 2021;41(18):4023–4035. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2884-20.2021
16. Pavlova P.A. Electroencephalographic correlates of cognitive deficit in children who have had perinatal arterial ischemic stroke. Rossiiskii psikhologicheskii zhurnal = Russian Psychological Journal. 2019;16(S2/1):22–32. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.21702/rpj.2019.2.1.2
17. Nacharova M.A., Mikhailova A.A., Govorun Ya.Yu.et al. Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Speech Perception and Their Percularities in Healthy Children and Children with Developmental Disorders. Uchenye zapiski Krymskogo federalnogo universiteta imeni V.I. Vernad-skogo. Biologiya. Khimiya = Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Biology. Chemistry. 2020;6(3):146–162. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.37279/2413-1725-2020-6-3-146-162
18. Mitiureva D., Bobrov P., Rebreikina A., Sysoeva O. An inclusive paradigm to study mu-rhythm properties. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2023;190:42–55. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.05.353
19. Braithwaite E.K., Jones E.J.H., Johnson M.H. et al. Dynamic modulation of frontal theta power predicts cognitive ability in infancy. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. 2020;45:100818. DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100818
20. Karakaş S. A review of theta oscillation and its functional correlates. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2020;157:82–99. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.008.
21. Korobeinikova I.I., Karatygin N.A., Venerina Y.A. EEG correlates of result achievement in goal-directed activity in conditions of rhythmically organized optical stimulation with 10 Hz. Metodicheskie aspekty i razrabotki. Psikhicheskoe zdorove = Methodological aspects and studies. Mental health. 2020;7:9–15. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.25557/2074-014X.2020.07.9-15
22. Hofstee M, Huijding J, Cuevas K, Deković M. Self-regulation and frontal EEG alpha ac-tivity during infancy and early childhood: A multilevel meta-analysis. Developmental Science. 2022;25(6):e13298. DOI: 10.1111/desc.13298
23. Novikova S.I. EEG rhythms and cognitive processes. Psikhologicheskaya nauka i obrazovanie psyedu.ru = Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology. 2015;4(1):91–108. Available at: http://psyjournals.ru/en/jmfp/2015/n1/76188.shtml (accessed: 24.02.2026). (in Russ.).
24. Davydova E.Y., Salimova K.R., Davydov D.V. et al. Understanding Speech in Primary Schoolchildren with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Its Relationship with EEG Characteristics. Human Physiology. 2023;49:225–234. DOI: 10.1134/S0362119723700354
25. Zhulina E.V., Solovyeva N.N. Prognostic Value of Neuropsychological Analysis of the Structure of Deviant Mental Development with Speech Delay. Problemy sovremennogo pedagogicheskogo obrazovaniya = Problems of modern pedagogical education. 2016;52(7):163–169. (in Russ.).
26. Koshchavtsev A.G., Grechanyi S.V. Interpretation of electroencephalography in infants. Epilepsiya i paroksizmalnye sostoyaniya = Epilepsy and paroxysmal conditions. 2020;12(1):9–25. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17749/2077-8333.2020.12.1.9-25
27. Franken MK, Liu BC, Ostry DJ. Towards a somatosensory theory of speech perception. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2022;128(6):1683–1695. DOI: 10.1152/jn.00381.2022.
28. Salo V.C., Debnath R., Rowe M.L., Fox N.A. Experience with pointing gestures facilitates infant vocabulary growth through enhancement of sensorimotor brain activity. Developmental Psychology. 2023;59(4):676. DOI: 10.1037/dev0001493
29. Polikanova I.S., Mikheev I.N., Leonov S.V., Martynova O.V. Age-related features of alpha rhythm dynamics: a brief review. Klinicheskaya i spetsialnaya psikhologiya = Clinical Psychology and Special Education. 2024;13(4):29–50. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.17759/cpse.2024130402
30. Hofstee M., Huijding J., Cuevas K., Deković M. Self-regulation and frontal EEG alpha activity during infancy and early childhood: A multilevel meta-analysis. Developmental Science. 2022;25(6):e13298. DOI: 10.1111/desc.13298.
31. Chizh D.I., Petrova E.V., Muzhikov V.S., Obedkina E.N. Peculiarities of EEG diagnostics in children with autism spectrum disorders. Ulyanovskiy mediko-biologicheskiy zhurnal = Ulyanovsk Medico-biological Journal. 2021;2:69–82. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.34014/2227-1848-2021-2-69-82
32. Mikhailova A.A., Orekhova L.S., Dyagileva Y.O. et al. EEG Theta Rhythm Reactivity in Early Childhood with Different Level of Helping Behavior. Uchenye zapiski Krymskogo federalnogo universiteta imeni V.I. Vernadskogo. Biologiya. Khimiya = Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Biology. Chemistry. 2020;6(3):117–126. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.37279/2413-1725-2020-6-3-117-126
33. Machinskaya R.I. Functional Maturation of the Brain and Formation of the Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Selective Voluntary Attention in Young Schoolchildren. Fiziologiya cheloveka = Human Physiology. 2006;32(1):26–36. (in Russ.).
Kaida A.I., Mikhailova A.A., Eismont E.V. et al. EEG Features in Children with Delayed Speech Development. Uchenye zapiski Krymskogo federalnogo universiteta imeni V.I. Vernadskogo. Biologiya. Khimiya = Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Biology. Chemistry. 2019;5(3):12–21. (in Russ.).
35. Nemkova S.A., Boldyrev V.G. Psychospeech Delays in Children: Modern Approaches to Diagnosis and Correction. Nervnye bolezni = Nervous diseases. 2025;2:23–32. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.24412/2226-0757-2025-13277
36. Oliveira D.S., Saltuklaroglu T., Thornton D. et al. Mu rhythm dynamics suggest automatic activation of motor and premotor brain regions during speech processing. Journal of Neurolinguistics. 2021;60:101006. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2021.101006
37. Vizel T.G. The Role of Functional Integrations in the Acquisition and Disintegration of Speech Skills. Izvestiya Rossiiskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta im. A.I. Gertsena = Izvestia: Herzen University Journal of Humanities and Sciences. 2025;218:194–204. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.33910/1992-6464-2025-218-194-204
38. Shamansurov Sh.Sh., Ziyamukhamedova N.M., Uzakova Ch.A., Khalimbetov G.S. Electroencephalographic studies in infants with psychomotor and speech retardation. Rossiiskii vestnik perinatologii i pediatrii = Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics. 2011;4:88–89. (in Russ.).
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Published
2026-06-30
How to Cite
Burakova, I., & Vorobyeva, E. (2026). Correlation of psychomotor development and baseline EEG rhythmic com-ponents in children aged 2–4 years with speech delay. Psychology. Psychophysiology, 19(2), 63-78. https://doi.org/10.14529/jpps260207
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Section
Psychophysiology
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