The role of executive function disorders in the development of behavioral addictions
Keywords:
executive functions, behavioral addictions, inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, neurobiological mechanisms, neuroplasticity
Abstract
Introduction. Behavioral addictions constitute a significant interdisciplinary problem in contemporary psychology and neuroscience. Their increasing prevalence and high level of social acceptability have intensified interest in the cognitive mechanisms of vulnerability, particularly the role of executive functions. Aims: This paper aims to systematize contemporary scientific evidence on the role of impairments in executive functions-namely inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility – in the formation and maintenance of behavioral addictions and to analyze their neurobiological foundations in order to clarify potential mechanisms of vulnerability and directions for cognitive correction and prevention. Theoretical background. This article presents a narrative review of the scientific literature. The literature search was conducted in international databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, as well as the Russian scientific electronic library eLibrary. Keywords and their combinations in Russian and English were used, including “executive functions”, “behavioral addictions”, “inhibitory control”, “working memory”, “cognitive flexibility”, “prefrontal cortex”, “gambling disorder”, and “internet addiction.” The review includes original studies, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews published predominantly between 2000 and 2024. Results. The literature analysis demonstrates that deficits in executive functions-specifically inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility-play a key role in the development of neurocognitive vulnerability to behavioral addictions. Impairments in inhibitory control are associated with increased impulsivity and an inability to resist immediate rewards. Deficits in working memory hinder the maintenance of long-term goals and the evaluation of behavioral consequences, while reduced cognitive flexibility contributes to perseverative patterns of behavior. These cognitive impairments are correlated with structural and functional brain alterations, including hyperactivation of the reward system (ventral striatum) and reduced activity of cognitive control systems (prefrontal cortex). Conclusion. Impairments in executive functions represent one of the central risk factors for the development of behavioral addictions and are mediated by an imbalance between reward-related systems and cognitive control networks. Despite the accumulated evidence, these relationships remain predominantly correlational, underscoring the need for further longitudinal research.
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References
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4. Brand M., Wegmann E., Stark R. et al. The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internetuse disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2019;104:1–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032
5. Seok J., Sohn J. Response inhibition during processing of sexual stimuli in males with prob-lematic hypersexual behavior. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 2020;9(1):71–82. DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00003
6. Chase H.W., Clark L. Gambling severity predicts midbrain response to nearmiss outcomes. Journal of Neuroscience. 2021;41(12):2762–2772. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5758-09.2010
7. Wadsley M., Ihssen N. Correction to: A systematic review of structural and functional MRI studies investigating social networking site use. Brain Sciences. 2023;13(8):787. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050787
8. Zhou Z., Zhou H., Zhu H. Working memory, executive function and impulsivity in Internet-addictive disorders: A comparison with pathological gambling. CNS Spectrums. 2015;20(5):487-495. DOI: 10.1017/S1092852915000497
9. Casey B.J., Jones R.M., Hare T.A. The adolescent brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2011;1124(1):111–126. DOI: 10.1196/annals.1440.010
Ding K., Shen Y., Liu Q. et al. The Effects of Digital Addiction on Brain Function and Structure of Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review. Healthcare. 2024;12(1):15. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12010015
11. Jackson L.A., Wang J.-L. Cultural differences in social networking site use: A comparative study of China and the United States. Computers in Human Behavior. 2013;29(3):1102–1112. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.011
12. Montag C., Lachmann B., Herrlich M. et al. Addictive features of social media/messenger platforms and freemium games against the background of psychological and economic theories. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019;16(14):2612. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142612
13. Billieux J., Schimmenti A., Khazaal Y. et al. Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. 2015;4(3):119–123. DOI: 10.1556/2006.4.2015.009
14. Paulus M.P., Squeglia L.M., Bagot K. et al. Screen media activity and brain structure in youth: Evidence for diverse structural correlation networks from the ABCD study. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2019;65(1):45–53.
15.Volkow N.D., Michaelides M., Baler R. The neuroscience of drug reward and addiction. Physiological Reviews. 2017;97(4):2117–2144. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2018.
16. Dalley J.W., Roiser J.P. Dopamine, serotonin and impulsivity. Neuroscience. 2012;215:42–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.065
17. Everitt B.J., Robbins T.W. Drug Addiction: Updating Actions to Habits to Compulsions Ten Years On. Annual Review of Psychology. 2016;67):23–50. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033457
18. Burgess P.W., Simons J.S. Theories of frontal lobe executive function: Clinical applications. Eds. P.W. Halligan, D.T. Wade. Effectiveness of rehabilitation for cognitive deficits. Oxford University Press. 2005:211–231.
19. Nikolaeva E.I., Vergunov E.G. What are "executive functions" and their development in ontogenesis. Theoretical and Experimental Psychology, 2017;10(2):62–81. (in Russ.)
20. Clark L., Bechara A., Damasio H. et al. Differential effects of insular and ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions on risky decision-making. Brain. 2008;131(5):1311–1322. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn066
21. Friedman N.P., Miyake A. The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: a latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2004;133(1):101–135. DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.101.
22. Rolls E.T., Grabenhorst F. The orbitofrontal cortex and beyond: from affect to decision-making. Progress in Neurobiology. 2008;86(3):216–244. DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.001
23. Lehto J.E., Juujärvi P., Kooistra L. et al. Dimensions of executive functioning: Evidence from children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology. 2003;21(1):59–80. DOI: 10.1348/026151003321164627
24. Alloway T.P., Gathercole S.E., Willis C. et al. A structural analysis of working memory and related cognitive skills in young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 2004;87(2):85–106.
25. Diamond A. Executive Functions. Annual Review of Psychology. 2013;64(1):135–168. DOI:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
26. Louie K., Glimcher P.W. Separating value from choice: Delay discounting activity in the lateral intraparietal area. Journal of Neuroscience. 2010;30(16):5498–5507. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5742-09.2010.
27. Muraven M. Building Self-Control Strength: Practicing Self-Control Leads to Improved Self-Control Performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2010;46(2):465–468. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.12.011
28. Frank M.J. Hold your horses: A dynamic computational role for the subthalamic nucleus in decision making. Neural Networks. 2006;19(8):1120–1136. DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2006.03.006.
29. Bunge S.A., Dudukovic N.M., Thomason M.E. et al. Immature frontal lobe contributions to cognitive control in children: Evidence from fMRI. Neuron. 2002;33(2):301–311. DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00583-9
Nigg J.T. On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: Views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin. 2000;126(2):220–246. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.220.
31. Posner M.I., DiGirolamo G.J. Executive attention: Conflict, target detection, and cognitive control. Ed. R. Parasuraman. The attentive brain Cambridge: MIT Press. 1998:401–423.
32. Titz C., Karbach J. Working memory and executive functions: effects of training on academic achievement. Psychological Research. 2014;78(6):852–868. DOI: 10.1007/s00426-013-0537-1
33. Anderson M.C., Levy B.J. Suppressing Unwanted Memories. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2009;18(4):189–194. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01634.x
34. Miyake A., Friedman N.P., Emerson M.J. et al. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “Frontal Lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology. 2000;41(1):49–100. DOI: 10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
35. Baddeley A. Working memory: theories, models, and controversies. Annual Review of Psychology. 2012;63:1–29. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100422.
36. Ionescu T. Exploring the nature of cognitive flexibility. New Ideas in Psychology. 2012;30(2):190–200. DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2011.11.001
37. Buttelmann F., Karbach J. Development and plasticity of cognitive flexibility in early and middle childhood. Frontiers in Psychology. 2017;8:1040. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01040
38. Uddin L.Q. Cognitive and behavioural flexibility: neural mechanisms and clinical consideration. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2021;22(3):167–179. DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00428-w
39. Runco M.A. Creativity: Theories and themes: Research, development, and practice Creativity (Second Edition). Waltham. MA: Academic Press. 2014:1–38.
40. Nikolaeva N.I. Psikhologicheskaya fiziologiya s osnovami posledovatelnoi psikhologii [Psychophysiology. Psychological physiology with the basics of physiological psychology]. Moscow: PER SE. 2008:624. (in Russ.).
41. Mendelevich V.D. Psikhologiya zavisimoi lichnosti [Psychology of the dependent personality]. Kazan. 2004:240. (in Russ.)
42. Korolenko C.P., Dmitrieva N.V. Psikhosotsialnaya addiktologiya [Psychosocial addictology]. Novosibirsk: Olsib. 2001:251. (in Russ.).
43. Egorov A.Yu. Nekhimicheskie zavisimosti [Non-chemical dependencies]. St. Petersburg: Rech. 2007:190. (in Russ.).
44. Veale D. Psychological aspects of staleness and exercise dependence. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1991;12(1):19–22. DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1024745
45. Murphy M.H. Sport and drugs and runners high (Psychophysiology). Psychology in Sport. New York: Taylor and Francis. 1997:191–210.
46. Freimuth M., Moniz S., Kim S.R. Clarifying exercise addiction: Differential diagnosis, cooccurring disorders, and phases of addiction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2011;8(10):4069–4081. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8104069
47. Hausenblas H.A., Schreiber K., Smoliga J.M. Addiction to exercise. British medical journal. 2017;357:j1745. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j1745
48. Huang Q., Huang J., Chen Y. et al. Overactivation of the reward system and deficient inhibition in exercise addiction. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2019;51(9):1918–1927. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001988
49. Martin L.E., Sisante J.F.V., Wilson D.R. et al. Pilot study of endurance runners and brain responses associated with delay discounting. International Journal of Exercise Science. 2017;10(5):690–701. DOI: 10.70252/MSGF8616
50. Zinchenko M.I., Gultyaeva V.V., Uryumtsev D.Yu., Krivoschekov S.G. Sports addiction (literature review). Chelovek. Sport. Meditsina = Human. Sport. Medicine. 2021;21(4):139–149. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.14529/hsm210416
51. Krivoschekov S.G., Lushnikov O.N. Sport addiction EEG indices: Perspectives for neurofeedback treatmen. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2012;85(3):350. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.06.161]
52. Lushnikov O.N., Krivoschekov S.G. Sports addiction: psychophysiological criteria of withdrawal syndrome markers. Sportivnaya meditsina: nauka i praktika = Sports Medicine: Science and Practice. 2015;2(19):39–44. (in Russ.).
53. Krivoschekov S.G., Lushnikov O.N. Functional state of sportsmen-addicts during physical load deprivation. Fiziologiya cheloveka = Human Physiology. 2017;43(6):80–87. (in Russ.).
54. Platonov K.K. Struktura i razvitie lichnosti [Structure and development of personality]. Moscow: Nauka. 1986:255. (in Russ.).
55. Gannushkin P.B. Klinika psikhopatii, ikh statika, dinamika, sistematika [Clinic of psychopathy, their statics, dynamics, systematics]. Nizhnii Novgorod: Publishing house NGMA. 2000:124. (in Russ.).
56. Zilverstand A., Huang A.S., Alia-Klein N. et al. Neuroimaging impaired response inhibition and salience attribution in human drug addiction: A systematic review. Neuron. 2018;98(5):886–903. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.048.
57. Potenza M.N., Balodis I.M., Derevensky J. et al. Gambling disorder. Nature reviews. Disease primers. 2019;5(1):51. DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0099-7
58. Chase H.W., Clark L. Gambling severity predicts midbrain response to nearmiss out-comes. Journal of Neuroscience. Journal of Neuroscience. 2021;41(12):2762–2772. DOI: 10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.5758-09.2010
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Published
2026-03-30
How to Cite
Levchenko, L. (2026). The role of executive function disorders in the development of behavioral addictions. Psychology. Psychophysiology, 19(1), 71-87. https://doi.org/10.14529/jpps260107
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Psychophysiology
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