Psychophysiological characteristics of nociception as an adaptive function of the body in healthy individuals
Keywords:
theoretical analysis, mental state, integrative function, nociception, pain threshold
Abstract
Background. In different sources, the notion of pain is defined as a mental state, integrative function, or integrative response of the body. The content of these definitions varies significantly, thus raising the question of the controversial nature and relevance of this problem. Aims. The primary aim was to provide a psychophysiological characteristic of nociception as an adaptive function of the body in healthy individuals based on literature analysis and the author’s research. The secondary aim was to present modern methods for the assessment of pain tolerance and its values in healthy individuals. Materials and methods. This study presents a theoretical analysis of scientific literature about the psychophysiological and physiological characteristics of mental states and the integrative function and body response to pain stimuli. A comparison of conceptual approaches was performed along with a summary of certain research about the aspects of psychophysiological characteristics of nociception as a function of the body. Results. Based on the data obtained, the relationships between the notions of state, function, and response within the psychophysiological understanding of pain are considered as follows: pain is a complex psychophysiological phenomenon that forms the mechanisms of adaptive functions of the body, including emotions, motor, humoral, and vegetative responses similar to stress reactions. In pain physiology, tensoalgometry is the most preferable method for measuring individual pain tolerance, depending on different factors. In modern pain physiology, pain threshold body mapping and the assessment of criteria that influence pain tolerance are considered relevant. Conclusion. Pain characterizes the adaptive response of the body and warns it about potential harm. A response to the irritation of nociceptors presents an adaptive and protective reaction in the body. The relevance of pain threshold body mapping in different age and sex groups is associated with insufficient data about pain threshold in healthy individuals.
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References
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31. Pelfort X., Torres-Claramunt R., Sánchez-Soler J.F. et al. Pressure algometry is a useful tool to quantify pain in the medial part of the knee: an intra- and inter-reliability study in healthy subjects. Orthopaedics and Traumatology: Surgery and Research. 2015;101(5):559–563. DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2015.03.016.
32. Walton D.M., Macdermid J.C., Nielson W. et al. Reliability, standard error, and minimum detectable change of clinical pressure pain threshold testing in people with and without acute neck pain. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2011;41(9):644–650. DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2011.3666
33. Frank L., McLaughlin P., Vaugha B. The repeatability of pressure algometry in asymptomatic individuals over consecutive days. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 2013;16(3):143–152. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2012.10.004
34. Persson AL, Brogårdh C, Sjölund BH. Tender or not tender: test-retest repeatability of pressure pain thresholds in the trapezius and deltoid muscles of healthy women. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2004;36(1):17–27. DOI: 10.1080/16501970310015218
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36. Reshetnyak V.K. Gender differences in pain perception. Rossiiskii zhurnal boli = Russian Journal of Pain. 2011;2:19–20. (in Russ.).
37. Barbosa Mde B., Guirro E.C., Nunes F.R. Evaluation of sensitivity, motor and pain thresholds across the menstrual cycle through medium-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2013;68(7):901–908. DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(07)03
38. Klatzkin R.R., Mechlin B., Girdler S.S. Menstrual cycle phase does not influence gender differences in experimental pain sensitivity. European Journal of Pain. 2010;14(1):77–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.01.002
39. Hamza M., Wang X-M., Adam A. et al. Kinin B1 receptors contributes to acute pain following minor surgery in humans. Molecular Pain. 2010;6:12. DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-12
40. Paterson K.J., Zambreanu L., Bennett D.L., McMahon S.B. Characterisation and mechanisms of bradykinin-evoked pain in man using iontophoresis. Pain. 2013;154(6):782–792. DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.01.003
41. Mogil J.S. The genetic mediation of individual differences in sensitivity to pain and its inhibition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1999;96(14):7744–7751. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.14.7744
42. Cox J.J., Reimann F., Nicholas A.K. et al. An SCN9A channelopathy causes congenital inability to experience pain. Nature. 2006;444(7121):894–898. DOI: 10.1038/nature05413
43. Waxman SG. Neurobiology: a channel sets the gain on pain. Nature. 2006;444(7121):831–832. DOI: 10.1038/444831a
44. Fertleman C.R., Baker M.D., Parker K.A. et al. SCN9A mutations in paroxysmal extreme pain disorder: allelic variants underlie distinct channel defects and phenotypes. Neuron. 20067;52(5):767–774. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006
45. Nackley A.G., Shabalina S.A., Tchivileva I.E. et al. Human catechol-O-methyltransferase haplotypes modulate protein expression by altering mRNA secondary structure. Science. 2006;314(5807):1930–1933. DOI: 10.1126/science.1131262
46. Diatchenko L., Nackley A.G., Tchivileva I.E. et al. Genetic architecture of human pain perception. Trends in Genetics. 2007;23(12):605–613. DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2007.09.004
47. Kondrashkin P.V., Shibkova D.Z. Statistical analysis of long-term reproducibility of values of pain threshold in the paravertebral points of human. Rossiiskii zhurnal boli = Russian Journal of Pain. 2018;3(57):16–21. (in Russ.).
bolevoy_sindrom/Boly_smeshannogo_tipa_Patofiziologicheskie_mehanizmy_znachenie_dlya_
klinicheskoy_praktiki_Podhody_k_diagnostike_i_lecheniyu_smeshannyh_tipov_bolevyh_sindromov/ #ixzz7uxipt6Ze (accessed: 10.01.2023) (in Russ.).
2. Shvaiko E.G. Some psychological aspects of chronic pain. Zametki uchenogo = Scientists notes. 2021;3-2:183–186. (in Russ.).
3. Danilov A.B., Danilov Al.B. Physiological and psychological model and chronic pain. Sovremennaya terapiya v psikhiatrii i nevrologii = Current Therapy of Mental Disorders. 2013;1:30–36. (in Russ.).
4. Abramova A.Yu., Pertsov S.S. Modern ideas about pain. Meditsinskaya sestra = The Nurse. 2017;8:20–25. (in Russ.).
5. Kalyuzhny L.V. Fiziologicheskie mekhanizmy regulyatsii bolevoi chuvstvitelnosti [Physiological mechanisms of regulation of pain sensitivity]. Moscow. Meditsina Publ., 1984:216. (in Russ.).
6. Ilyin E.P. Psikhofiziologiya sostoyanii cheloveka [Psychophysiology of human states]. St. Petersburg: Piter Publ. 2005:412. (in Russ.).
7. Gabdreeva G.Sh. Samoupravlenie psikhicheskim sostoyaniem [Self-management of mental state]. Kazan, KSU Publ. 1981:63. (in Russ.).
8. Luriya A.R. Vysshie korkovye funktsii cheloveka i ikh narusheniya pri lokalnykh porazheniyakh mozga [Higher cortical functions of a person and their disorders in local brain lesions]. Moscow. 1969. (in Russ.).
9. Vasilenko A.M. Tenzoalgometriya [Tensoalgometry]. URL: https://painstudy.ru/matls/review/ tenzo.htm (accessed: 28.03.2016). (in Russ.).
10. Lafi S.G., Lafi N.M. Pain phenomenon. Pain in burn disease. Possible ways to study and correction of pain in burn. Aktualnye problemy gumanitarnykh i estestvennykh nauk = Actual problems of humanities and natural sciences. 2013;10-2:233–248. (in Russ.).
11. Vane A.M., Avrutsky M.Ya. Bol i obezbolivanie [Pain and anesthesia]. Moscow: Meditsina Publ. 1997:280. (in Russ.).
12. Danilov A.B., Davydov O.S. Neiropaticheskaya bol [Neuropathic pain]. Moscow. Borges Publ. 2007:192. (in Russ.).
13. Gordeev S.A. Pain: classification, the structurally functional organization of the nociceptive and antinociceptive systems, electroneuromyographic research methods. Uspekhi fiziologicheskikh nauk = Successes of physiological sciences. 2019;50(4):87–104. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.1134/S0301179819040039.
14. Chuloshnikov A.I. Modeling the subject areas of psychological research on pain. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Filosofiya. Psikhologiya. Sotsiologiya = Perm University Herald. Philosophy. Psychology. Sociology. 2020;4:579–595. DOI: 10.17072/2078-7898/2020-4-579-595. (in Russ.).
15. Tsymbalyuk V.I., Medvedev V.V. Spinnoi mozg: elegiya nadezhdy [Spinal cord: elegy of hope]. Vinnytsia. Nova Kniga Publ. 2010:944. (in Russ.).
16. Kassil G.N. Nauka o boli [The science of pain]. Problemy nauki i tekhnicheskogo progressa [Problems of science and technological progress]. Moscow. Nauka Publ. 1975:168. (in Russ.).
17. Janig W. The sympathetic nervous system in pain. European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1995;10:53–60.
18. Chapman C.R., Nakamura Y. A passion of the Soul: an introduction to pain for consciousness researchers. Consciousness and Cognition. 1999;8:391–422. DOI: 10.1006/ccog.1999.0411
19. Pravdivtsev V.A. Kozlov S.B., Efremenkov S.V. et al. Vestnik Smolenskoi meditsinskoi akademii = Bulletin of the Smolensk Medical Academy. 2003;4:677–684. (in Russ.).
20. Wang X., Li W.G., Yu Y. et al. Serotonin facilitates peripheral pain sensitivity in a manner that depends on the nonproton ligand sensing domain of ASIC3 channel. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2013;33(10):4265–4279.
21. Mercer M., Adams R. Human pain sensitivity is related to visual but not to auditory thresholds. Vis. 2015;15(12):996. DOI: 10.1167/15.12.996
22. Hoskin R., Berzuini C., Acosta-Kane D. et al. Sensitivity to Pain Expectations: A Bayesian Model of Individual Differences. Cognition. 2019. Vol. 182. P. 127–139. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.08.022
23. Geva N, Pruessner J, Defrin R. Acute psychosocial stress reduces pain modulation capabilities in healthy men. Pain. 2014;155(11):2418–2425. DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.09.023
24. Hven L., Frost P., Bonde J.P. Evaluation of pressure pain threshold as a measure of perceived stress and high job strain. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0167257. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167257
25. Bachmann C.G., Muschinsky S., Nitsche M.A. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex induces distinct changes in thermal and mechanical sensory percepts. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2010;121(12):2083–2089. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.05.005
26. Arendt-Nielsen L, Graven-Nielsen T. Muscle pain: sensory implications and interaction with motor control. The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2008;24(4):291–298. DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31815b608f
27. Leboeuf-Yde C., Nielsen J., Kyvik K.O. et al. Pain in the lumbar, thoracic or cervical regions: do age and gender matter? A population-based study of 34,902 Danish twins 20-71 years of age. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2009;10:39. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-10-39
28. Perfilov D.V., Baranov M.V., Chernogorov R.V. Methods of pain sensitivity evaluation in the experiment and in clinical practice. Uspekhi fiziologicheskikh nauk = Successes of physiological sciences. 2007;38(2):75–80. (in Russ.).
29. Kondrashkin P.V., Baiguzhina O.V., Shibkova D.Z. Nociceptive threshold in healthy women at rest and when ready for physical activity. Chelovek. Sport. Meditsina = Human. Sport. Medicine. 2020;20(3):34–40. (in Russ.). DOI: 10.14529/hsm200304
30. Binderup A.T., Arendt-Nielsen L., Madeleine P. Pressure pain sensitivity maps of the neck-shoulder and the low back regions in men and women. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2010;11:234. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-234
31. Pelfort X., Torres-Claramunt R., Sánchez-Soler J.F. et al. Pressure algometry is a useful tool to quantify pain in the medial part of the knee: an intra- and inter-reliability study in healthy subjects. Orthopaedics and Traumatology: Surgery and Research. 2015;101(5):559–563. DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2015.03.016.
32. Walton D.M., Macdermid J.C., Nielson W. et al. Reliability, standard error, and minimum detectable change of clinical pressure pain threshold testing in people with and without acute neck pain. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2011;41(9):644–650. DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2011.3666
33. Frank L., McLaughlin P., Vaugha B. The repeatability of pressure algometry in asymptomatic individuals over consecutive days. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 2013;16(3):143–152. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2012.10.004
34. Persson AL, Brogårdh C, Sjölund BH. Tender or not tender: test-retest repeatability of pressure pain thresholds in the trapezius and deltoid muscles of healthy women. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2004;36(1):17–27. DOI: 10.1080/16501970310015218
35. Lobo C.C., Morales R.C., Sanz R.D. et al. Comparison of hand grip strength and upper limb pressure pain threshold between older adults with or without non-specific shoulder pain. PeerJ. 2017;5:e2995. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2995
36. Reshetnyak V.K. Gender differences in pain perception. Rossiiskii zhurnal boli = Russian Journal of Pain. 2011;2:19–20. (in Russ.).
37. Barbosa Mde B., Guirro E.C., Nunes F.R. Evaluation of sensitivity, motor and pain thresholds across the menstrual cycle through medium-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2013;68(7):901–908. DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(07)03
38. Klatzkin R.R., Mechlin B., Girdler S.S. Menstrual cycle phase does not influence gender differences in experimental pain sensitivity. European Journal of Pain. 2010;14(1):77–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.01.002
39. Hamza M., Wang X-M., Adam A. et al. Kinin B1 receptors contributes to acute pain following minor surgery in humans. Molecular Pain. 2010;6:12. DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-12
40. Paterson K.J., Zambreanu L., Bennett D.L., McMahon S.B. Characterisation and mechanisms of bradykinin-evoked pain in man using iontophoresis. Pain. 2013;154(6):782–792. DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.01.003
41. Mogil J.S. The genetic mediation of individual differences in sensitivity to pain and its inhibition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1999;96(14):7744–7751. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.14.7744
42. Cox J.J., Reimann F., Nicholas A.K. et al. An SCN9A channelopathy causes congenital inability to experience pain. Nature. 2006;444(7121):894–898. DOI: 10.1038/nature05413
43. Waxman SG. Neurobiology: a channel sets the gain on pain. Nature. 2006;444(7121):831–832. DOI: 10.1038/444831a
44. Fertleman C.R., Baker M.D., Parker K.A. et al. SCN9A mutations in paroxysmal extreme pain disorder: allelic variants underlie distinct channel defects and phenotypes. Neuron. 20067;52(5):767–774. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006
45. Nackley A.G., Shabalina S.A., Tchivileva I.E. et al. Human catechol-O-methyltransferase haplotypes modulate protein expression by altering mRNA secondary structure. Science. 2006;314(5807):1930–1933. DOI: 10.1126/science.1131262
46. Diatchenko L., Nackley A.G., Tchivileva I.E. et al. Genetic architecture of human pain perception. Trends in Genetics. 2007;23(12):605–613. DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2007.09.004
47. Kondrashkin P.V., Shibkova D.Z. Statistical analysis of long-term reproducibility of values of pain threshold in the paravertebral points of human. Rossiiskii zhurnal boli = Russian Journal of Pain. 2018;3(57):16–21. (in Russ.).
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Published
2023-10-02
How to Cite
Shibkova, D., Kondrashkin, P., & Shevtsov, A. (2023). Psychophysiological characteristics of nociception as an adaptive function of the body in healthy individuals. Psychology. Psychophysiology, 16(3), 123-136. https://doi.org/10.14529/jpps230311
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Section
Psychophysiology
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